Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
ADAMS: The Anti-Doping Administration and Management System is a Web-based database management tool for data entry, storage, sharing, and reporting designed to assist stakeholders and WADA in their anti- doping operations in conjunction with data protection legislation.
Act: Integrity Sport and Recreation Act 2023
Administration: Providing, supplying, supervising, facilitating, or otherwise participating in the Use or Attempted Use by another Person of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. However, this definition shall not include the actions of bona fide medical personnel involving a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method Used for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or other acceptable justification and shall not include actions involving Prohibited Substances which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing unless the circumstances as a whole demonstrate that such Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or are intended to enhance sport performance.
Adverse Analytical Finding: A report from a WADA-accredited laboratory or other WADA-approved laboratory that, consistent with the International Standard for Laboratories establishes in a Sample the presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers or evidence of the Use of a Prohibited Method.
Adverse Passport Finding: A report identified as an Adverse Passport Finding as described in the applicable International Standards.
Aggravating Circumstances: Circumstances involving, or actions by, an Athlete or other Person which may justify the imposition of a period of Ineligibility greater than the standard sanction. Such circumstances and actions shall include, but are not limited to: the Athlete or other Person Used or Possessed multiple Prohibited Substances or Prohibited Methods, Used or Possessed a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method on multiple occasions or committed multiple other anti-doping rule violations; a normal individual would be likely to enjoy the performance-enhancing effects of the anti-doping rule violation(s) beyond the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility; the Athlete or Person engaged in deceptive or obstructive conduct to avoid the detection or adjudication of an anti-doping rule violation; or the Athlete or other Person engaged in Tampering during Results Management. For the avoidance of doubt, the examples of circumstances and conduct described herein are not exclusive and other similar circumstances or conduct may also justify the imposition of a longer period of Ineligibility.
Anti-Doping Activities: Anti-doping Education and information, test distribution planning, maintenance of a Registered Testing Pool, managing Athlete Biological Passports, conducting Testing, organising analysis of Samples, gathering of intelligence and conduct of investigations, processing of TUE applications, Results Management, monitoring and enforcing compliance with any Consequences imposed, and all other activities related to anti-doping to be carried out by or on behalf of an Anti-Doping Organisation, as set out in the Code and/or the International Standards.
Anti-Doping Organisation: WADA, or a Signatory that is responsible for adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing any part of the Doping Control process. This includes, for example, the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, other Major Event Organisations that conduct Testing at their Events, International Federations, and National Anti-Doping Organisations.
Athlete: Any Person who competes in sport at the international level (as defined by each International Federation) or the national level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organisation). An Anti-Doping Organisation has discretion to apply anti-doping rules to an Athlete who is neither an International-Level Athlete nor a National-Level Athlete, and thus to bring them within the definition of “Athlete.” In relation to Athletes who are neither International-Level nor National-Level Athletes, an Anti-Doping Organisation may elect to: conduct limited Testing or no Testing at all; analyse Samples for less than the full menu of Prohibited Substances; require limited or no whereabouts information; or not require advance TUEs. However, if a Rule 2.1, 2.3 or 2.5 anti-doping rule violation is committed by any Athlete over whom an Anti-Doping Organisation has elected to exercise its authority to test and who competes below the international or national level, then the Consequences set forth in the Rules must be applied. For purposes of Rule 2.8 and Rule 2.9 and for purposes of anti-doping information and Education, any Person who participates in sport under the authority of any Signatory, government, or other sports organisation accepting the Code is an Athlete. In making these rules the Commission has exercised its discretion and applies these anti-doping rules to any Person as set out in Rule 1.1 and thus bring such Persons within the definition of Athlete unless that Person proves that they are a member of any club, team, association, league, organisation or other Person to whom the Rules apply for purposes other than Competing.84
Athlete Biological Passport: The program and methods of gathering and collating data as described in the International Standard for Testing and Investigations and International Standard for Laboratories.
Athlete Support Personnel: Any coach, trainer, manager, agent, team staff, official, medical, para-medical personnel, parent or any other Person working with, treating or assisting an Athlete participating in or preparing for sports Competition.
Attempt: Purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of an anti-doping rule violation. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on an Attempt to commit a violation if the Person renounces the Attempt prior to it being discovered by a third party not involved in the Attempt.
Atypical Finding: A report from a WADA-accredited laboratory or other WADA-approved laboratory which requires further investigation as provided by the International Standard for Laboratories or related Technical Documents prior to the determination of an Adverse Analytical Finding.
Atypical Passport Finding: A report described as an Atypical Passport Finding as described in the applicable International Standards.
CAS: The Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.
Commission: Integrity Sport and Recreation Commission, known as the Sport Integrity Commission, established under the Integrity Sport and Recreation Act 2023 (formerly Drug Free Sport New Zealand established under the Sports Anti-Doping Act 2006).
Competition: A single race, match, game or singular sport contest. For example, a basketball game or the finals of the Olympic 100-metre race in athletics. For stage races and other sport contests where prizes are awarded on a daily or other interim basis the distinction between a Competition and an Event will be as provided in the rules of the applicable International Federation.
Compete or Competing: A Person competes in sport if they (a) participate in any Competition, Event or other competitive sporting activity; or (b) engage in any fitness or training activities for the purposes of participating or potentially participating in any Competition, Event or other competitive sporting activity.
Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (“Consequences”): An Athlete’s or other Person’s violation of an anti-doping rule may result in one or more of the following: (a) Disqualification means the Athlete’s results in a particular Competition or Event are invalidated, with all resulting Consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes; (b) Ineligibility means the Athlete or other Person is barred on account of an anti- doping rule violation for a specified period of time from participating in any Competition or other activity or funding as provided in Rule 10.14; (c) Provisional Suspension means the Athlete or other Person is barred temporarily from participating in any Competition or activity prior to the final decision at a hearing conducted under Rule 8; and (d) Financial Consequences means a financial sanction imposed for an anti-doping rule violation or to recover costs associated with an anti-doping rule violation; and (e) Public Disclosure means the dissemination or distribution of information to the general public or Persons beyond those Persons entitled to earlier notification in accordance with Rule 14. Teams in Team Sports may also be subject to Consequences as provided in Rule 11.
Contaminated Product: A product that contains a Prohibited Substance that is not disclosed on the product label or in information available in a reasonable Internet search.
Decision Limit: The value of the result for a threshold substance in a Sample, above which an Adverse Analytical Finding shall be reported, as defined in the International Standard for Laboratories.
Delegated Third Party: Any Person to which an Anti-Doping Organisation delegates any aspect of Doping Control or anti-doping Education programs including, but not limited to, third parties or other Anti-Doping Organisations that conduct Sample collection or other Doping Control services or anti-doping Educational programs for the Anti-Doping Organisation, or individuals serving as independent contractors who perform Doping Control services for the Anti-Doping Organisation (e.g., non-employee Doping Control officers or chaperones). This definition does not include CAS.
Disqualification: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations above.
Doping Control: All steps and processes from test distribution planning through to ultimate disposition of any appeal and the enforcement of Consequences including all steps and processes in between, including but not limited to, Testing, investigations, whereabouts, TUEs, Sample collection and handling, laboratory analysis, Results Management, and investigations or proceedings relating to violations of Rule 10.14 (Status During Ineligibility or Provisional Suspension).
Education: The process of learning to instil values and develop behaviours that foster and protect the spirit of sport, and to prevent intentional and unintentional doping.
Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted together under one ruling body (eg., the Olympic Games, World Championships of an International Federation, or Pan American Games).
Event Period: The time between the beginning and end of an Event, as established by the ruling body of the Event.
Event Venues: Those venues so designated by the ruling body for the Event.
Fault: Fault is any breach of duty or any lack of care appropriate to a particular situation. Factors to be taken into consideration in assessing an Athlete’s or other Person’s degree of Fault include, for example, the Athlete’s or other Person’s experience, whether the Athlete or other Person is a Protected Person, special considerations such as impairment, the degree of risk that should have been perceived by the Athlete and the level of care and investigation exercised by the Athlete in relation to what should have been the perceived level of risk. In assessing the Athlete’s or other Person’s degree of Fault, the circumstances considered must be specific and relevant to explain the Athlete’s or other Person’s departure from the expected standard of behaviour. Thus, for example, the fact that an Athlete would lose the opportunity to earn large sums of money during a period of Ineligibility, or the fact that the Athlete only has a short time left in a career, or the timing of the sporting calendar, would not be relevant factors to be considered in reducing the period of Ineligibility under Rules 10.6.1 or 10.6.2.85
Financial Consequences: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations above.
High-Level Athlete: Athletes (excluding National-Level Athletes and International-Level Athletes) who are within any of the Commission’s Testing Pools; or who are named on the long-list or selected for a team falling within the objects of the National Olympic Committee or Paralympics New Zealand; or who receive sport-related financial support or other sport-related benefits from the New Zealand Government, a National Sporting Organisation, the National Olympic Committee or Paralympics New Zealand.
In-Competition: The period commencing at 11:59 p.m. on the day before a Competition in which the Athlete is scheduled to participate through the end of such Competition and the Sample collection process related to such Competition. Provided, however, WADA may approve, for a particular sport, an alternative definition if an International Federation, provides a compelling justification that a different definition is necessary for its sport; upon such approval by WADA, the alternative definition shall be followed by all Major Event Organisations for that particular sport.86
Independent Observer Program: A team of observers and/or auditors, under the supervision of WADA, who observe and provide guidance on the Doping Control process prior to or during certain Events and report on their observations as part of WADA’s compliance monitoring program.
Individual Sport: Any sport that is not a Team Sport.
Ineligibility: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations above.
Institutional Independence: Hearing panels on appeal shall be fully independent institutionally from the Anti- Doping Organisation responsible for Results Management. They must therefore not in any way be administered by, connected or subject to the Anti-Doping Organisation responsible for Results Management.
International Event: An Event or Competition where the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, an International Federation, a Major Event Organisation, or another international sport organisation is the ruling body for the Event or appoints the technical officials for the Event.
International-Level Athlete: Athletes who compete in sport at the international level, as defined by each International Federation consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.87
International Standard: A standard adopted by WADA in support of the Code. Compliance with an International Standard (as opposed to another alternative standard, practice or procedure) shall be sufficient to conclude that the procedures addressed by the International Standard were performed properly. International Standards shall include any Technical Documents issued pursuant to the International Standard.
Major Event Organisations: The continental associations of National Olympic Committees and other international multi-sport organisations that function as the ruling body for any continental, regional or other International Event.
Marker: A compound, group of compounds or biological variable(s) that indicates the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
Metabolite: Any substance produced by a biotransformation process.
Minimum Reporting Level: The estimated concentration of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolite(s) or Marker(s) in a Sample below which WADA-accredited laboratories should not report that Sample as an Adverse Analytical Finding.
Minor: A natural Person who has not reached the age of eighteen years.
National Anti-Doping Organisation: The entity(ies) designated by each country as possessing the primary authority and responsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules, direct the collection of Samples, manage test results, and conduct Results Management at the national level. If this designation has not been made by the competent public authority(ies), the entity shall be the country’s National Olympic Committee or its designee. For the purposes of the Rules, the Commission is the National Anti-Doping Organisation in New Zealand.
National Event: A sport Event or Competition involving International- or National-Level Athletes that is not an International Event.
National-Level Athlete: Athletes who compete in sport at the national level, as defined by each National Anti- Doping Organisation, consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations. For the purposes of these Rules, National-Level Athlete is any Athlete who is within any of the categories set out in the Schedule to these Rules.
However, if any such Athletes are classified by their respective International Federations as International Level Athletes then they will be considered to be International Level Athletes (and not National Level Athletes) for the purposes of these Rules.
National Olympic Committee: The organisation recognised by the International Olympic Committee. The term National Olympic Committee shall also include the National Sport Confederation in those countries where the National Sport Confederation assumes typical National Olympic Committee responsibilities in the anti-doping area. In New Zealand the National Olympic Committee is the New Zealand Olympic Committee Incorporated.
National Sporting Organisation: A body that represents members involved in a particular type of sporting Event or activity in New Zealand and, if a national organisation does not exist for a sport, includes local, regional or other sporting organisations.
NSO Anti-Doping Tribunal: A Tribunal established under the Rules by a National Sporting Organisation to hear and determine Violation Proceedings.
No Fault or Negligence: The Athlete or other Person’s establishing that he or she did not know or suspect, and could not reasonably have known or suspected even with the exercise of utmost caution, that he or she had Used or been administered the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or otherwise violated an anti-doping rule. Except in the case of a Protected Person or Recreational Athlete, for any violation of Rule 2.1, the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered the Athlete’s system.
No Significant Fault or Negligence: The Athlete or other Person’s establishing that any Fault or negligence, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances and taking into account the criteria for No Fault or Negligence, was not significant in relationship to the anti-doping rule violation. Except in the case of a Protected Person or Recreational Athlete, for any violation of Rule 2.1, the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered the Athlete’s system.
Operational Independence: This means that (1) board members, staff members, commission members, consultants and officials of the Anti-Doping Organisation with responsibility for Results Management or its affiliates (e.g., member federation or confederation), as well as any Person involved in the investigation and pre-adjudication of the matter cannot be appointed as members and/or clerks (to the extent that such clerk is involved in the deliberation process and/or drafting of any decision) of hearing panels of that Anti-Doping Organisation with responsibility for Results Management and (2) hearing panels shall be in a position to conduct the hearing and decision-making process without interference from the Anti-Doping Organisation or any third party. The objective is to ensure that members of the hearing panel or individuals otherwise involved in the decision of the hearing panel, are not involved in the investigation of, or decisions to proceed with, the case.
NSO: National Sporting Organisation.
Out-of-Competition: Any period which is not In-Competition. Participant: Any Athlete or Athlete Support Person.
Person: A natural Person or an organisation or other entity.
Possession: The actual, physical Possession, or the constructive Possession (which shall be found only if the Person has exclusive control or intends to exercise control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists); provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists, constructive Possession shall only be found if the Person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method and intended to exercise control over it. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person never intended to have Possession and has renounced Possession by explicitly declaring it to an Anti-Doping Organisation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this definition, the purchase (including by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method constitutes Possession by the Person who makes the purchase.88
Prohibited List: The WADA List identifying the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods. Prohibited Method: Any method so described on the Prohibited List.
Prohibited Substance: Any substance, or class of substances, so described on the Prohibited List.
Protected Person: An Athlete or other natural Person who at the time of the anti-doping rule violation: (i) has not reached the age of sixteen years; (ii) has not reached the age of eighteen years and is not included in any Registered Testing Pool and has never competed in any International Event in an open category; or (iii) for reasons other than age has been determined to lack legal capacity under applicable national legislation.89
Provisional Hearing: For purposes of Rule 7.4.3, an expedited abbreviated hearing occurring prior to a hearing under Rule 8 that provides the Athlete with notice and an opportunity to be heard in either written or oral form.90
Provisional Suspension: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations above.
Publicly Disclose: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations above.
Recreational Athlete: Any Athlete who is not a National-Level Athlete, High-Level Athlete, or an International-Level Athlete, provided, however, that within the last five years prior to committing any Anti-Doping Rule Violation: (a) the Athlete has not been a National-Level Athlete, High-Level Athlete or an International-Level Athlete; (b) the Athlete has not represented any country in an International Event in an open category; and (c) the Athlete has not been included within any Registered Testing Pool or other whereabouts information pool maintained by any International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organisation.91
Registered Testing Pool: The pool of highest priority Athletes established separately at the international level by International Federations and at the national level by the Commission or other National Anti-Doping Organisations who are subject to focused In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing as part of that International Federation’s or the Commission or other National Anti-Doping Organisation’s test distribution plan and therefore are required to provide whereabouts information as provided in Rule 5.5 and the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Results Management: The process encompassing the timeframe between notification as per Article 5 of the International Standard for Results Management, or in certain cases (e.g., Atypical Finding, Athlete Biological Passport, whereabouts failure), such pre-notification steps expressly provided for in Article 5 of the International Standard for Results Management, through the charge until the final resolution of the matter, including the end of the hearing process at first instance or on appeal (if an appeal was lodged).
Rules: The Sports Anti-Doping Rules (2025) made under the Integrity Sport and Recreation Act 2023.
Sample or Specimen: Any biological material collected for the purposes of Doping Control.92
Signatories: Those entities accepting the Code and agreeing to implement the Code as provided in Article 23 of the Code.
Specified Method: See Rule 4.2.2.
Specified Substance: See Rule 4.2.2.
Strict Liability: The rule which provides that under Rule 2.1 and Rule 2.2, it is not necessary that intent, Fault, negligence, or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part be demonstrated by the Anti-Doping Organisation in order to establish an anti-doping rule violation.
Substance of Abuse: See Rule 4.2.3.
Substantial Assistance: For purposes of Rule 10.7.1, a Person providing Substantial Assistance must: (1) fully disclose in a signed written statement or recorded interview all information he or she possesses in relation to anti-doping rule violations, or other proceeding described in Rule 10.7.1.1, and (2) fully co-operate with the investigation and adjudication of any case or matter related to that information, including, for example, presenting testimony at a hearing if requested to do so by an Anti-Doping Organisation or hearing panel. Further, the information provided must be credible and must comprise an important part of any case or proceeding which is initiated or, if no case or proceeding is initiated, must have provided a sufficient basis on which a case or proceeding could have been brought.
Sports Tribunal: The Sports Tribunal of New Zealand continued under the Sports Tribunal Act 2006.
Tampering: Intentional conduct which subverts the Doping Control process but which would not otherwise be included in the definition of Prohibited Methods. Tampering shall include, without limitation, offering or accepting a bribe to perform or fail to perform an act, preventing the collection of a Sample, affecting or making impossible the analysis of a Sample, falsifying documents submitted to an Anti-Doping Organisation or TUE committee or hearing panel, procuring false testimony from witnesses, committing any other fraudulent act upon the Anti-Doping Organisation or hearing body to affect Results Management or the imposition of Consequences, and any other similar intentional interference or Attempted interference with any aspect of Doping Control.93
Target Testing: Selection of specific Athletes for Testing based on criteria set forth in the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Team Sport: A sport in which the substitution of players is permitted during a Competition.
Technical Document: A document adopted and published by WADA from time to time containing mandatory technical requirements on specific anti-doping topics as set forth in an International Standard.
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sample transport to the laboratory.
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE): A Therapeutic Use Exemption allows an Athlete with a medical condition to Use a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method, but only if the conditions set out in Rule 4.4 and the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions are met.
Trafficking: Selling, giving, transporting, sending, delivering or distributing (or Possessing for any such purpose) a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method (either physically or by any electronic or other means) by an Athlete, Athlete Support Person or any other Person subject to the authority of an Anti-Doping Organisation to any third party; provided, however, this definition shall not include the actions of bona fide medical personnel involving a Prohibited Substance Used for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or other acceptable justification, and shall not include actions involving Prohibited Substances which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing unless the circumstances as a whole demonstrate such Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or are intended to enhance sport performance.
TUE Committee: The TUE Committee established by the Commission.
UNESCO Convention: The International Convention against Doping in Sport adopted by the 33rd session of the UNESCO General Conference on October 19, 2005 including any and all amendments adopted by the States Parties to the Convention and the Conference of Parties to the International Convention against Doping in Sport.
Use: The utilisation, application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
Violation Proceedings: Proceedings in respect of an alleged breach of the anti-doping rule violations in Rule 3 of the Rules.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.
Without Prejudice Agreement: For purposes of Rule 10.7.1.1 and 10.8.2, a written agreement between an Anti- Doping Organisation and an Athlete or other Person that allows the Athlete or other Person to provide information to the Anti-Doping Organisation in a defined time-limited setting with the understanding that, if an agreement for Substantial Assistance or a case resolution agreement is not finalized, the information provided by the Athlete or other Person in this particular setting may not be used by the Anti-Doping Organisation against the Athlete or other Person in any Results Management proceeding under the Code, and that the information provided by the Anti-Doping Organisation in this particular setting may not be used by the Athlete or other Person against the Anti-Doping Organisation in any Results Management proceeding under the Code. Such an agreement shall not preclude the Anti-Doping Organisation, Athlete or other Person from using any information or evidence gathered from any source other than during the specific time-limited setting described in the agreement.
Footnotes
84 [Comment to Athlete: Individuals who participate in sport may fall in one of five categories: 1) International-Level Athlete, 2) National- Level Athlete, 3) individuals who are not International- or National-Level Athletes but over whom the International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organisation has chosen to exercise authority, 4) Recreational Athlete, and 5) individuals over whom no International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organisation has, or has chosen to, exercise authority. All International- or National-Level Athletes are subject to the anti-doping rules of the Code, with the precise definitions of international and national level sport to be set forth in the anti- doping rules of the International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organisations.]
85 [Comment: The criteria for assessing an Athlete’s degree of Fault is the same under all Articles where Fault is to be considered. However, under Rule 10.6.2, no reduction of sanction is appropriate unless, when the degree of Fault is assessed, the conclusion is that No Significant Fault or Negligence on the part of the Athlete or other Person was involved.]
86 [Comment: Having a universally accepted definition for In-Competition provides greater harmonisation among Athletes across all sports, eliminates or reduces confusion among Athletes about the relevant timeframe for In-Competition Testing, avoids inadvertent Adverse Analytical Findings in between Competitions during an Event and assists in preventing any potential performance enhancement benefits from substances prohibited Out-of-Competition being carried over to the Competition period.]
87 [Comment: Consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations, the International Federation is free to determine the criteria it will use to classify Athletes as International-Level Athletes, e.g., by ranking, by participation in particular International Events, by type of license, etc. However, it must publish those criteria in clear and concise form, so that Athletes are able to ascertain quickly and easily when they will become classified as International-Level Athletes. For example, if the criteria include participation in certain International Events, then the International Federation must publish a list of those International Events.]
88 [Comment: Under this definition, anabolic steroids found in an Athlete’s car would constitute a violation unless the Athlete establishes that someone else used the car; in that event, the Anti-Doping Organisation must establish that, even though the Athlete did not have exclusive control over the car, the Athlete knew about the anabolic steroids and intended to have control over them. Similarly, in the example of anabolic steroids found in a home medicine cabinet under the joint control of an Athlete and spouse, the Anti-Doping Organisation must establish that the Athlete knew the anabolic steroids were in the cabinet and that the Athlete intended to exercise control over them. The act of purchasing a Prohibited Substance alone constitutes Possession, even where, for example, the product does not arrive, is received by someone else, or is sent to a third party address.]
89 [Comment: The Code treats Protected Persons differently than other Athletes or Persons in certain circumstances based on the understanding that, below a certain age or intellectual capacity, an Athlete or other Person may not possess the mental capacity to understand and appreciate the prohibitions against conduct contained in the Code. This would include, for example, a Paralympic Athlete with a documented lack of legal capacity due to an intellectual impairment. The term “open category” is meant to exclude competition that is limited to junior or age group categories.]
90 [Comment: A Provisional Hearing is only a preliminary proceeding which may not involve a full review of the facts of the case. Following a Provisional Hearing, the Athlete remains entitled to a subsequent full hearing on the merits of the case. By contrast, an “expedited hearing”, as that term is used in Rule 7.4.3, is a full hearing on the merits conducted on an expedited time schedule.]
91 [Comment: The term “open category” is meant to exclude competition that is limited to junior or age group categories.]
92 [Comment: It has sometimes been claimed that the collection of blood Samples violates the tenets of certain religious or cultural groups. It has been determined that there is no basis for any such claim.]
93 [Comment to Tampering: For example, this Article would prohibit altering identification numbers on a Doping Control form during Testing, breaking the B bottle at the time of B Sample analysis, altering a Sample by the addition of a foreign substance, or intimidating or attempting to intimidate a potential witness or a witness who has provided testimony or information in the Doping Control process. Tampering includes misconduct which occurs during the Results Management process. See Rule 10.9.3.3. However, actions taken as part of a Person's legitimate defence to an anti-doping rule violation charge shall not be considered Tampering. Offensive conduct towards a Doping Control official or other Person involved in Doping Control which does not otherwise constitute Tampering shall be addressed in the disciplinary rules of sport organisations.]